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In Britain, the first half of the fourth century saw the building or enlarging of imposing town houses and villas, the best of which rivalled anything to be found north of the Alps, both in sheer size and the magnificence of their floor mosaics and wall frescoes.

Winter: one of the four seasons from the 4th century mosaic in the triclinium of Chedworth Roman villa, Gloucestershire.

But all summers die, and by the late 360s the world that had produced the rich villa culture of southern Britain was in slow decline, soon to begin the downward spiral that was to lead to the formal abandonment of Britain as a diocese of the Roman Empire in 410. Yet even in decline, that world still possessed lingering echoes of a civilisation that was to be almost wholly absent in the muddy centuries that followed.

Dido and Aeneas: 4th century mosaic from Low Ham villa. Somerset County Museum (Taunton).

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The causes of that decline were both empire-wide and local. In Britain there had been the invasion scares of 343 and 360 (when the Picts are thought to have broken through Hadrian’s Wall), followed by the devastation caused by the Barbarica Conspiratio of 367, those seemingly co-ordinated invasions by the Picts from the north, the Scotti and other Hibernian tribes from the west, and Saxons and Franks from across the North Sea. Added to this was the trauma of the reprisals carried out against the wealthy supporters of the usurper emperor Magnentius which followed the final crushing of his rebellion in 353. But despite these troubles, in the late 360s Britain was still basking in the glow of a golden age which few alive then realised would never return

Centenionalis of Constantius II depicting soldier spearing fallen barbarian horseman. Minted at Antioch circa 350 AD.

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And what of the landscapes in which the novels are set? Take away the chocolate-box villages and the electricity poles and pylons and you would see a Cotswolds – a North Cotswolds at any rate – that in essence still remains the landscape of the fourth century. There are solitary, luxurious houses hidden away in sheltered valleys – the successors of the villas; there are isolated farms. And surrounding them all are the wild and lonely places – the undulating, sheep-grazed grasslands and dark, eerie woods, where wolves and wild boar once roamed and the dark old gods and goddesses once ruled men’s lives.

Ruins of Spoonley Wood villa, near Winchcombe, Gloucestershire.

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